Class FieldRotation<T extends CalculusFieldElement<T>>

java.lang.Object
org.hipparchus.geometry.euclidean.threed.FieldRotation<T>
Type Parameters:
T - the type of the field elements
All Implemented Interfaces:
Serializable

public class FieldRotation<T extends CalculusFieldElement<T>> extends Object implements Serializable
This class is a re-implementation of Rotation using CalculusFieldElement.

Instance of this class are guaranteed to be immutable.

See Also:
  • Constructor Details

    • FieldRotation

      public FieldRotation(T q0, T q1, T q2, T q3, boolean needsNormalization)
      Build a rotation from the quaternion coordinates.

      A rotation can be built from a normalized quaternion, i.e. a quaternion for which q02 + q12 + q22 + q32 = 1. If the quaternion is not normalized, the constructor can normalize it in a preprocessing step.

      Note that some conventions put the scalar part of the quaternion as the 4th component and the vector part as the first three components. This is not our convention. We put the scalar part as the first component.

      Parameters:
      q0 - scalar part of the quaternion
      q1 - first coordinate of the vectorial part of the quaternion
      q2 - second coordinate of the vectorial part of the quaternion
      q3 - third coordinate of the vectorial part of the quaternion
      needsNormalization - if true, the coordinates are considered not to be normalized, a normalization preprocessing step is performed before using them
    • FieldRotation

      public FieldRotation(FieldVector3D<T> axis, T angle, RotationConvention convention) throws MathIllegalArgumentException
      Build a rotation from an axis and an angle.

      We use the convention that angles are oriented according to the effect of the rotation on vectors around the axis. That means that if (i, j, k) is a direct frame and if we first provide +k as the axis and π/2 as the angle to this constructor, and then apply the instance to +i, we will get +j.

      Another way to represent our convention is to say that a rotation of angle θ about the unit vector (x, y, z) is the same as the rotation build from quaternion components { cos(-θ/2), x * sin(-θ/2), y * sin(-θ/2), z * sin(-θ/2) }. Note the minus sign on the angle!

      On the one hand this convention is consistent with a vectorial perspective (moving vectors in fixed frames), on the other hand it is different from conventions with a frame perspective (fixed vectors viewed from different frames) like the ones used for example in spacecraft attitude community or in the graphics community.

      Parameters:
      axis - axis around which to rotate
      angle - rotation angle.
      convention - convention to use for the semantics of the angle
      Throws:
      MathIllegalArgumentException - if the axis norm is zero
    • FieldRotation

      public FieldRotation(Field<T> field, Rotation r)
      Build a FieldRotation from a Rotation.
      Parameters:
      field - field for the components
      r - rotation to convert
    • FieldRotation

      public FieldRotation(T[][] m, double threshold) throws MathIllegalArgumentException
      Build a rotation from a 3X3 matrix.

      Rotation matrices are orthogonal matrices, i.e. unit matrices (which are matrices for which m.mT = I) with real coefficients. The module of the determinant of unit matrices is 1, among the orthogonal 3X3 matrices, only the ones having a positive determinant (+1) are rotation matrices.

      When a rotation is defined by a matrix with truncated values (typically when it is extracted from a technical sheet where only four to five significant digits are available), the matrix is not orthogonal anymore. This constructor handles this case transparently by using a copy of the given matrix and applying a correction to the copy in order to perfect its orthogonality. If the Frobenius norm of the correction needed is above the given threshold, then the matrix is considered to be too far from a true rotation matrix and an exception is thrown.

      Parameters:
      m - rotation matrix
      threshold - convergence threshold for the iterative orthogonality correction (convergence is reached when the difference between two steps of the Frobenius norm of the correction is below this threshold)
      Throws:
      MathIllegalArgumentException - if the matrix is not a 3X3 matrix, or if it cannot be transformed into an orthogonal matrix with the given threshold, or if the determinant of the resulting orthogonal matrix is negative
    • FieldRotation

      public FieldRotation(FieldVector3D<T> u1, FieldVector3D<T> u2, FieldVector3D<T> v1, FieldVector3D<T> v2) throws MathRuntimeException
      Build the rotation that transforms a pair of vectors into another pair.

      Except for possible scale factors, if the instance were applied to the pair (u1, u2) it will produce the pair (v1, v2).

      If the angular separation between u1 and u2 is not the same as the angular separation between v1 and v2, then a corrected v'2 will be used rather than v2, the corrected vector will be in the (±v1, +v2) half-plane.

      Parameters:
      u1 - first vector of the origin pair
      u2 - second vector of the origin pair
      v1 - desired image of u1 by the rotation
      v2 - desired image of u2 by the rotation
      Throws:
      MathRuntimeException - if the norm of one of the vectors is zero, or if one of the pair is degenerated (i.e. the vectors of the pair are collinear)
    • FieldRotation

      public FieldRotation(FieldVector3D<T> u, FieldVector3D<T> v) throws MathRuntimeException
      Build one of the rotations that transform one vector into another one.

      Except for a possible scale factor, if the instance were applied to the vector u it will produce the vector v. There is an infinite number of such rotations, this constructor choose the one with the smallest associated angle (i.e. the one whose axis is orthogonal to the (u, v) plane). If u and v are collinear, an arbitrary rotation axis is chosen.

      Parameters:
      u - origin vector
      v - desired image of u by the rotation
      Throws:
      MathRuntimeException - if the norm of one of the vectors is zero
    • FieldRotation

      public FieldRotation(RotationOrder order, RotationConvention convention, T alpha1, T alpha2, T alpha3)
      Build a rotation from three Cardan or Euler elementary rotations.

      Cardan rotations are three successive rotations around the canonical axes X, Y and Z, each axis being used once. There are 6 such sets of rotations (XYZ, XZY, YXZ, YZX, ZXY and ZYX). Euler rotations are three successive rotations around the canonical axes X, Y and Z, the first and last rotations being around the same axis. There are 6 such sets of rotations (XYX, XZX, YXY, YZY, ZXZ and ZYZ), the most popular one being ZXZ.

      Beware that many people routinely use the term Euler angles even for what really are Cardan angles (this confusion is especially widespread in the aerospace business where Roll, Pitch and Yaw angles are often wrongly tagged as Euler angles).

      Parameters:
      order - order of rotations to compose, from left to right (i.e. we will use r1.compose(r2.compose(r3, convention), convention))
      convention - convention to use for the semantics of the angle
      alpha1 - angle of the first elementary rotation
      alpha2 - angle of the second elementary rotation
      alpha3 - angle of the third elementary rotation
  • Method Details

    • getIdentity

      public static <T extends CalculusFieldElement<T>> FieldRotation<T> getIdentity(Field<T> field)
      Get identity rotation.
      Type Parameters:
      T - the type of the field elements
      Parameters:
      field - field for the components
      Returns:
      a new rotation
    • revert

      public FieldRotation<T> revert()
      Revert a rotation. Build a rotation which reverse the effect of another rotation. This means that if r(u) = v, then r.revert(v) = u. The instance is not changed.
      Returns:
      a new rotation whose effect is the reverse of the effect of the instance
    • getQ0

      public T getQ0()
      Get the scalar coordinate of the quaternion.
      Returns:
      scalar coordinate of the quaternion
    • getQ1

      public T getQ1()
      Get the first coordinate of the vectorial part of the quaternion.
      Returns:
      first coordinate of the vectorial part of the quaternion
    • getQ2

      public T getQ2()
      Get the second coordinate of the vectorial part of the quaternion.
      Returns:
      second coordinate of the vectorial part of the quaternion
    • getQ3

      public T getQ3()
      Get the third coordinate of the vectorial part of the quaternion.
      Returns:
      third coordinate of the vectorial part of the quaternion
    • getAxis

      public FieldVector3D<T> getAxis(RotationConvention convention)
      Get the normalized axis of the rotation.

      Note that as getAngle() always returns an angle between 0 and π, changing the convention changes the direction of the axis, not the sign of the angle.

      Parameters:
      convention - convention to use for the semantics of the angle
      Returns:
      normalized axis of the rotation
      See Also:
    • getAngle

      public T getAngle()
      Get the angle of the rotation.
      Returns:
      angle of the rotation (between 0 and π)
      See Also:
    • getAngles

      public T[] getAngles(RotationOrder order, RotationConvention convention)
      Get the Cardan or Euler angles corresponding to the instance.

      The equations show that each rotation can be defined by two different values of the Cardan or Euler angles set. For example if Cardan angles are used, the rotation defined by the angles a1, a2 and a3 is the same as the rotation defined by the angles π + a1, π - a2 and π + a3. This method implements the following arbitrary choices:

      • for Cardan angles, the chosen set is the one for which the second angle is between -π/2 and π/2 (i.e its cosine is positive),
      • for Euler angles, the chosen set is the one for which the second angle is between 0 and π (i.e its sine is positive).

      Cardan and Euler angle have a very disappointing drawback: all of them have singularities. This means that if the instance is too close to the singularities corresponding to the given rotation order, it will be impossible to retrieve the angles. For Cardan angles, this is often called gimbal lock. There is nothing to do to prevent this, it is an intrinsic problem with Cardan and Euler representation (but not a problem with the rotation itself, which is perfectly well defined). For Cardan angles, singularities occur when the second angle is close to -π/2 or +π/2, for Euler angle singularities occur when the second angle is close to 0 or π, this implies that the identity rotation is always singular for Euler angles!

      Parameters:
      order - rotation order to use
      convention - convention to use for the semantics of the angle
      Returns:
      an array of three angles, in the order specified by the set
    • getMatrix

      public T[][] getMatrix()
      Get the 3X3 matrix corresponding to the instance
      Returns:
      the matrix corresponding to the instance
    • toRotation

      public Rotation toRotation()
      Convert to a constant vector without derivatives.
      Returns:
      a constant vector
    • applyTo

      public FieldVector3D<T> applyTo(FieldVector3D<T> u)
      Apply the rotation to a vector.
      Parameters:
      u - vector to apply the rotation to
      Returns:
      a new vector which is the image of u by the rotation
    • applyTo

      public FieldVector3D<T> applyTo(Vector3D u)
      Apply the rotation to a vector.
      Parameters:
      u - vector to apply the rotation to
      Returns:
      a new vector which is the image of u by the rotation
    • applyTo

      public void applyTo(T[] in, T[] out)
      Apply the rotation to a vector stored in an array.
      Parameters:
      in - an array with three items which stores vector to rotate
      out - an array with three items to put result to (it can be the same array as in)
    • applyTo

      public void applyTo(double[] in, T[] out)
      Apply the rotation to a vector stored in an array.
      Parameters:
      in - an array with three items which stores vector to rotate
      out - an array with three items to put result to
    • applyTo

      public static <T extends CalculusFieldElement<T>> FieldVector3D<T> applyTo(Rotation r, FieldVector3D<T> u)
      Apply a rotation to a vector.
      Type Parameters:
      T - the type of the field elements
      Parameters:
      r - rotation to apply
      u - vector to apply the rotation to
      Returns:
      a new vector which is the image of u by the rotation
    • applyInverseTo

      public FieldVector3D<T> applyInverseTo(FieldVector3D<T> u)
      Apply the inverse of the rotation to a vector.
      Parameters:
      u - vector to apply the inverse of the rotation to
      Returns:
      a new vector which such that u is its image by the rotation
    • applyInverseTo

      public FieldVector3D<T> applyInverseTo(Vector3D u)
      Apply the inverse of the rotation to a vector.
      Parameters:
      u - vector to apply the inverse of the rotation to
      Returns:
      a new vector which such that u is its image by the rotation
    • applyInverseTo

      public void applyInverseTo(T[] in, T[] out)
      Apply the inverse of the rotation to a vector stored in an array.
      Parameters:
      in - an array with three items which stores vector to rotate
      out - an array with three items to put result to (it can be the same array as in)
    • applyInverseTo

      public void applyInverseTo(double[] in, T[] out)
      Apply the inverse of the rotation to a vector stored in an array.
      Parameters:
      in - an array with three items which stores vector to rotate
      out - an array with three items to put result to
    • applyInverseTo

      public static <T extends CalculusFieldElement<T>> FieldVector3D<T> applyInverseTo(Rotation r, FieldVector3D<T> u)
      Apply the inverse of a rotation to a vector.
      Type Parameters:
      T - the type of the field elements
      Parameters:
      r - rotation to apply
      u - vector to apply the inverse of the rotation to
      Returns:
      a new vector which such that u is its image by the rotation
    • applyTo

      public FieldRotation<T> applyTo(FieldRotation<T> r)
      Apply the instance to another rotation.

      Calling this method is equivalent to call compose(r, RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR).

      Parameters:
      r - rotation to apply the rotation to
      Returns:
      a new rotation which is the composition of r by the instance
    • compose

      public FieldRotation<T> compose(FieldRotation<T> r, RotationConvention convention)
      Compose the instance with another rotation.

      If the semantics of the rotations composition corresponds to a vector operator convention, applying the instance to a rotation is computing the composition in an order compliant with the following rule : let u be any vector and v its image by r1 (i.e. r1.applyTo(u) = v). Let w be the image of v by rotation r2 (i.e. r2.applyTo(v) = w). Then w = comp.applyTo(u), where comp = r2.compose(r1, RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR).

      If the semantics of the rotations composition corresponds to a frame transform convention, the application order will be reversed. So keeping the exact same meaning of all r1, r2, u, v, w and comp as above, comp could also be computed as comp = r1.compose(r2, RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM).

      Parameters:
      r - rotation to apply the rotation to
      convention - convention to use for the semantics of the angle
      Returns:
      a new rotation which is the composition of r by the instance
    • applyTo

      public FieldRotation<T> applyTo(Rotation r)
      Apply the instance to another rotation.

      Calling this method is equivalent to call compose(r, RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR).

      Parameters:
      r - rotation to apply the rotation to
      Returns:
      a new rotation which is the composition of r by the instance
    • compose

      public FieldRotation<T> compose(Rotation r, RotationConvention convention)
      Compose the instance with another rotation.

      If the semantics of the rotations composition corresponds to a vector operator convention, applying the instance to a rotation is computing the composition in an order compliant with the following rule : let u be any vector and v its image by r1 (i.e. r1.applyTo(u) = v). Let w be the image of v by rotation r2 (i.e. r2.applyTo(v) = w). Then w = comp.applyTo(u), where comp = r2.compose(r1, RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR).

      If the semantics of the rotations composition corresponds to a frame transform convention, the application order will be reversed. So keeping the exact same meaning of all r1, r2, u, v, w and comp as above, comp could also be computed as comp = r1.compose(r2, RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM).

      Parameters:
      r - rotation to apply the rotation to
      convention - convention to use for the semantics of the angle
      Returns:
      a new rotation which is the composition of r by the instance
    • applyTo

      public static <T extends CalculusFieldElement<T>> FieldRotation<T> applyTo(Rotation r1, FieldRotation<T> rInner)
      Apply a rotation to another rotation. Applying a rotation to another rotation is computing the composition in an order compliant with the following rule : let u be any vector and v its image by rInner (i.e. rInner.applyTo(u) = v), let w be the image of v by rOuter (i.e. rOuter.applyTo(v) = w), then w = comp.applyTo(u), where comp = applyTo(rOuter, rInner).
      Type Parameters:
      T - the type of the field elements
      Parameters:
      r1 - rotation to apply
      rInner - rotation to apply the rotation to
      Returns:
      a new rotation which is the composition of r by the instance
    • applyInverseTo

      public FieldRotation<T> applyInverseTo(FieldRotation<T> r)
      Apply the inverse of the instance to another rotation.

      Calling this method is equivalent to call composeInverse(r, RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR).

      Parameters:
      r - rotation to apply the rotation to
      Returns:
      a new rotation which is the composition of r by the inverse of the instance
    • composeInverse

      public FieldRotation<T> composeInverse(FieldRotation<T> r, RotationConvention convention)
      Compose the inverse of the instance with another rotation.

      If the semantics of the rotations composition corresponds to a vector operator convention, applying the inverse of the instance to a rotation is computing the composition in an order compliant with the following rule : let u be any vector and v its image by r1 (i.e. r1.applyTo(u) = v). Let w be the inverse image of v by r2 (i.e. r2.applyInverseTo(v) = w). Then w = comp.applyTo(u), where comp = r2.composeInverse(r1).

      If the semantics of the rotations composition corresponds to a frame transform convention, the application order will be reversed, which means it is the innermost rotation that will be reversed. So keeping the exact same meaning of all r1, r2, u, v, w and comp as above, comp could also be computed as comp = r1.revert().composeInverse(r2.revert(), RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM).

      Parameters:
      r - rotation to apply the rotation to
      convention - convention to use for the semantics of the angle
      Returns:
      a new rotation which is the composition of r by the inverse of the instance
    • applyInverseTo

      public FieldRotation<T> applyInverseTo(Rotation r)
      Apply the inverse of the instance to another rotation.

      Calling this method is equivalent to call composeInverse(r, RotationConvention.VECTOR_OPERATOR).

      Parameters:
      r - rotation to apply the rotation to
      Returns:
      a new rotation which is the composition of r by the inverse of the instance
    • composeInverse

      public FieldRotation<T> composeInverse(Rotation r, RotationConvention convention)
      Compose the inverse of the instance with another rotation.

      If the semantics of the rotations composition corresponds to a vector operator convention, applying the inverse of the instance to a rotation is computing the composition in an order compliant with the following rule : let u be any vector and v its image by r1 (i.e. r1.applyTo(u) = v). Let w be the inverse image of v by r2 (i.e. r2.applyInverseTo(v) = w). Then w = comp.applyTo(u), where comp = r2.composeInverse(r1).

      If the semantics of the rotations composition corresponds to a frame transform convention, the application order will be reversed, which means it is the innermost rotation that will be reversed. So keeping the exact same meaning of all r1, r2, u, v, w and comp as above, comp could also be computed as comp = r1.revert().composeInverse(r2.revert(), RotationConvention.FRAME_TRANSFORM).

      Parameters:
      r - rotation to apply the rotation to
      convention - convention to use for the semantics of the angle
      Returns:
      a new rotation which is the composition of r by the inverse of the instance
    • applyInverseTo

      public static <T extends CalculusFieldElement<T>> FieldRotation<T> applyInverseTo(Rotation rOuter, FieldRotation<T> rInner)
      Apply the inverse of a rotation to another rotation. Applying the inverse of a rotation to another rotation is computing the composition in an order compliant with the following rule : let u be any vector and v its image by rInner (i.e. rInner.applyTo(u) = v), let w be the inverse image of v by rOuter (i.e. rOuter.applyInverseTo(v) = w), then w = comp.applyTo(u), where comp = applyInverseTo(rOuter, rInner).
      Type Parameters:
      T - the type of the field elements
      Parameters:
      rOuter - rotation to apply the rotation to
      rInner - rotation to apply the rotation to
      Returns:
      a new rotation which is the composition of r by the inverse of the instance
    • distance

      public static <T extends CalculusFieldElement<T>> T distance(FieldRotation<T> r1, FieldRotation<T> r2)
      Compute the distance between two rotations.

      The distance is intended here as a way to check if two rotations are almost similar (i.e. they transform vectors the same way) or very different. It is mathematically defined as the angle of the rotation r that prepended to one of the rotations gives the other one: \(r_1(r) = r_2\)

      This distance is an angle between 0 and π. Its value is the smallest possible upper bound of the angle in radians between r1(v) and r2(v) for all possible vectors v. This upper bound is reached for some v. The distance is equal to 0 if and only if the two rotations are identical.

      Comparing two rotations should always be done using this value rather than for example comparing the components of the quaternions. It is much more stable, and has a geometric meaning. Also comparing quaternions components is error prone since for example quaternions (0.36, 0.48, -0.48, -0.64) and (-0.36, -0.48, 0.48, 0.64) represent exactly the same rotation despite their components are different (they are exact opposites).

      Type Parameters:
      T - the type of the field elements
      Parameters:
      r1 - first rotation
      r2 - second rotation
      Returns:
      distance between r1 and r2