Package org.hipparchus.ode
This package provides classes to solve Ordinary Differential Equations problems.
This package solves Initial Value Problems of the form
y'=f(t,y)
with t0
and
y(t0)=y0
known. The provided
integrators compute an estimate of y(t)
from
t=t0
to t=t1
.
It is also possible to get thederivatives with respect to the initial state
dy(t)/dy(t0)
or the derivatives with
respect to some ODE parameters dy(t)/dp
.
All integrators provide dense output. This means that besides
computing the state vector at discrete times, they also provide a
cheap mean to get the state between the time steps. They do so through
classes extending the ODEStateInterpolator
abstract class, which are made available to the user at the end of
each step.
All integrators handle multiple discrete events detection based on switching
functions. This means that the integrator can be driven by user specified
discrete events. The steps are shortened as needed to ensure the events occur
at step boundaries (even if the integrator is a fixed-step
integrator). When the events are triggered, integration can be stopped
(this is called a G-stop facility), the state vector can be changed,
or integration can simply go on. The latter case is useful to handle
discontinuities in the differential equations gracefully and get
accurate dense output even close to the discontinuity. See
org.hipparchus.ode.events
for more on how events are handled.
The user should describe his problem in his own classes
(UserProblem
in the diagram below) which should implement
the OrdinaryDifferentialEquation
interface. Then he should pass it to
the integrator he prefers among all the classes that implement the
ODEIntegrator
interface.
The solution of the integration problem is provided by two means. The
first one is aimed towards simple use: the state vector at the end of
the integration process is copied in the y
array of the
ODEIntegrator.integrate
method. The second one should be used
when more in-depth information is needed throughout the integration
process. The user can register an object implementing the ODEStepHandler
interface or a
StepNormalizer
object wrapping a user-specified object implementing the ODEFixedStepHandler
interface into the integrator before calling the ODEIntegrator.integrate
method. The user object will be called
appropriately during the integration process, allowing the user to
process intermediate results. The default step handler does nothing.
DenseOutputModel
is a special-purpose step handler that is able
to store all steps and to provide transparent access to any
intermediate result once the integration is over. An important feature
of this class is that it implements the Serializable
interface. This means that a complete continuous model of the
integrated function throughout the integration range can be serialized
and reused later (if stored into a persistent medium like a filesystem
or a database) or elsewhere (if sent to another application). Only the
result of the integration is stored, there is no reference to the
integrated problem by itself.
Custom implementations can be developed for specific needs. As an example, if an application is to be completely driven by the integration process, then most of the application code will be run inside a step handler specific to this application.
Some integrators (the simple ones) use fixed steps that are set at
creation time. The more efficient integrators use variable steps that
are handled internally in order to control the integration error with
respect to a specified accuracy (these integrators extend the AdaptiveStepsizeIntegrator
abstract class). In this case, the step
handler which is called after each successful step shows up the
variable stepsize. The StepNormalizer
class can
be used to convert the variable stepsize into a fixed stepsize that
can be handled by classes implementing the ODEFixedStepHandler
interface. Adaptive stepsize integrators can automatically compute the
initial stepsize by themselves, however the user can specify it if he
prefers to retain full control over the integration or if the
automatic guess is wrong.
Name | Order |
Euler | 1 |
Midpoint | 2 |
Classical Runge-Kutta | 4 |
Gill | 4 |
3/8 | 4 |
Luther | 6 |
Name | Integration Order | Error Estimation Order |
Higham and Hall | 5 | 4 |
Dormand-Prince 5(4) | 5 | 4 |
Dormand-Prince 8(5,3) | 8 | 5 and 3 |
Gragg-Bulirsch-Stoer | variable (up to 18 by default) | variable |
Adams-Bashforth | variable | variable |
Adams-Moulton | variable | variable |
In the table above, the Adams-Bashforth
and Adams-Moulton
integrators appear as variable-step ones. This is an extension
to the classical algorithms using the Nordsieck vector representation.
-
Interface Summary Interface Description ComplexOrdinaryDifferentialEquation This interface represents a first order differential equations set forcomplex state
.ComplexSecondaryODE This interface allows users to add secondary differential equations to a primary set of differential equations.FieldODEIntegrator<T extends CalculusFieldElement<T>> This interface represents a first order integrator for differential equations.FieldOrdinaryDifferentialEquation<T extends CalculusFieldElement<T>> This interface represents a first order differential equations set.FieldSecondaryODE<T extends CalculusFieldElement<T>> This interface allows users to add secondary differential equations to a primary set of differential equations.NamedParameterJacobianProvider Interface to compute exactly Jacobian matrix for some parameter when computingpartial derivatives equations
.ODEIntegrator This interface represents a first order integrator for differential equations.ODEJacobiansProvider Interface expandingfirst order differential equations
in order to compute exactly the Jacobian matrices forpartial derivatives equations
.OrdinaryDifferentialEquation This interface represents a first order differential equations set.Parameterizable This interface enables to process any parameterizable object.ParametersController Interface to compute by finite difference Jacobian matrix for some parameter when computingpartial derivatives equations
.SecondaryODE This interface allows users to add secondary differential equations to a primary set of differential equations.SecondOrderODE This interface represents a second order differential equations set. -
Class Summary Class Description AbstractFieldIntegrator<T extends CalculusFieldElement<T>> Base class managing common boilerplate for all integrators.AbstractIntegrator Base class managing common boilerplate for all integrators.AbstractParameterizable This abstract class provides boilerplate parameters list.ComplexODEConverter This class convertscomplex Ordinary Differential Equations
intoreal ones
.ComplexODEState Container for time, main and secondary state vectors.ComplexODEStateAndDerivative Container for time, main and secondary state vectors as well as their derivatives.DenseOutputModel This class stores all information provided by an ODE integrator during the integration process and build a continuous model of the solution from this.EquationsMapper Class mapping the part of a complete state or derivative that pertains to a specific differential equation.ExpandableODE This class represents a combined set of first order differential equations, with at least a primary set of equations expandable by some sets of secondary equations.FieldDenseOutputModel<T extends CalculusFieldElement<T>> This class stores all information provided by an ODE integrator during the integration process and build a continuous model of the solution from this.FieldEquationsMapper<T extends CalculusFieldElement<T>> Class mapping the part of a complete state or derivative that pertains to a set of differential equations.FieldExpandableODE<T extends CalculusFieldElement<T>> This class represents a combined set of first order differential equations, with at least a primary set of equations expandable by some sets of secondary equations.FieldODEState<T extends CalculusFieldElement<T>> Container for time, main and secondary state vectors.FieldODEStateAndDerivative<T extends CalculusFieldElement<T>> Container for time, main and secondary state vectors as well as their derivatives.FirstOrderConverter This class converts second order differential equations to first order ones.MultistepFieldIntegrator<T extends CalculusFieldElement<T>> This class is the base class for multistep integrators for Ordinary Differential Equations.MultistepIntegrator This class is the base class for multistep integrators for Ordinary Differential Equations.ODEState Container for time, main and secondary state vectors.ODEStateAndDerivative Container for time, main and secondary state vectors as well as their derivatives.ParameterConfiguration Simple container pairing a parameter name with a step in order to compute the associated Jacobian matrix by finite difference.VariationalEquation This class defines a set ofsecondary equations
to compute the global Jacobian matrices with respect to the initial state vector and, if any, to some parameters of the primary ODE set. -
Enum Summary Enum Description LocalizedODEFormats Enumeration for localized messages formats used in exceptions messages. -
Exception Summary Exception Description VariationalEquation.MismatchedEquations Special exception for equations mismatch.